足球比赛结果 The Prettiest Poop You’ll Ever See (Trust Us)

White pine cells in pelletized whitetail deer fecal matter under a polarized light microscope.
White pine cells in pelletized whitetail deer fecal matter under a polarized light microscope.
White pine cells in pelletized whitetail deer fecal matter under a polarized light 显微镜。图片来源:格蕾丝·帕里克
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我的显微组织学有一种方法。

格蕾丝·帕里克 (Grace Parikh) 习惯了当她解释自己所做的事情时,人们会扬起眉毛。 “人们会问,‘你做什么?’”她笑着解释道。 

Parikh 即将完成她的博士学业School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science(SFRES)足球比赛结果(她于今年答辩了她的论文) 周)。在她的研究中,她使用一种称为显微组织学的方法来分析人群 白尾鹿的趋势。

偏光显微镜下的东方铁杉细胞。
Eastern hemlock cells under a polarized light microscope. Image Credit: Grace Parikh  61720_61751|Emergency Contact Information 44743_45041|Between sample collections from Isle Royale and the western Upper Peninsula, during the past six years Parikh has analyzed some 1,300 samples from deer and moose.但是 before she can put the samples under the microscope, she must process them.

偏振光显微组织学图像中鲜艳的洋红色和青色没有表现出任何变化 有关显微组织学实际细节的线索。简单来说,就是学习 在显微镜下观察颗粒状粪便物质,以确定粪便的生产者 poop ate for lunch.

Parikh 从 SFRES 最近的毕业生 John“Moose”Henderson 那里学到了她的手艺 talented wildlife photographer. Parikh and Henderson at the time were both graduate SFRES 教授和野生动物生态学家 John Vucetich 为学生提供建议。

Though microhistology has been in use since the 1960s, Henderson put a new (and very affordable) spin on the technique by using polarizer film (similar to your sunglasses). By placing two polarizers, one directly over the light source at the base of the microscope and one in the nose piece, the user is able to better visualize features in the fecal 事; the intersection of light creates the vibrant colors that bright light microscopy 缺乏。

Parikh uses microhistology to distinguish different plant species by their stomata — tiny pores on a plant’s leaf or needle — to determine what an ungulate ate.针叶树 trees retain their needles during the winter, so Parikh is able to identify different species by their stomata structure and arrangement in the context of the Upper Peninsula’s heavy lake effect snowfall, which impacts deer herds.

There's A Method To My... 

一个偶尔的系列,我们剖析研究人员如何进行科学研究,这是一种方法论 一次。因为如果科学解释清楚,每个人都可以理解。 

To do microhistology efficiently, a researcher must memorize what numerous stomata look like under polarized light. Picture Parikh scanning through images on her phone, softly muttering to herself, “Lycopodium where are you?... No, that’s sedge…”

她找到了她要找的照片,而且即使对于其他人来说,它也是显而易见的 未经训练的眼睛,石松的气孔与铁杉、雪松或香脂有很大不同。

人如其食

合作 克里斯托弗·韦伯斯特,SFRES 教授,Parikh 收集并分析了西部地区的鹿颗粒 上半岛关于鹿饮食成分和的长期监测项目 鹿如何依靠饮食中的营养勉强生存或繁衍生息。 

Side-by-side images of white pine cells under bright light microscope and under polarized light microscope.
左边是亮光显微镜下的白松细胞,右边是亮光显微镜下的白松细胞 a polarized light microscope. Image Credit: Grace Parikh 

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样品在类似于食品脱水机的低温烘箱中干燥, 然后粉碎。样品通过筛子冲洗并用硝酸漂白 因此显微镜发出的光可以更容易地穿过粪便样本。 最后,将样品煮沸,然后将 100 个碎片放在显微镜上 幻灯片,每个碎片大约有大头针头那么大。 

Parikh notes that contemporary deer population densities are more than twice pre-European 结算。 

关于研究人员

格蕾丝·帕里克的肖像。

格蕾丝·帕里克

Research Interests

  • 保护生理学
  • Wildlife-habitat relationships
  • 营养生态学

 

“随着鹿消灭了鹿的首选食物,它们还吃什么?随着气候变化 当积雪超过 40 厘米时,可能会在 UP 产生更深的积雪 (超过15英寸),鹿被限制在小范围内,以低质量为生 食物,”帕里克说。 “我们想知道鹿在不断变化的背景下正在觅食什么 气候。”

鹿最喜欢吃的树种是铁杉和雪松,但鹿在以下情况下会变得不那么挑剔 食物匮乏。

“偶尔我会发现一个不寻常的样本,但我根本不知道它是什么 也就是说,”她说道,并分享了她如何在雪地上采集当地植物样本 在接触一种名为石松苔的植物之前,先确定鹿以什么为生, ground pine or creeping cedar.

“石松属植物富含植物防御化合物,对于 鹿,但在某些年份,它们非常饥饿,因为雪把一切都锁住了,所以, well, that’s it.”

“Knowing what deer eat could have implications for forest regeneration,” she said. “We use forests for all kinds of purposes. If deer keep knocking down certain species 比如铁杉,它可能会给生物多样性带来麻烦,如果它们吃枫树, that could spell trouble for timber.”

充分利用糟糕的情况

Parikh shares the story of the deer of Anticosti Island in the province of Quebec, 加拿大。 There, the introduced, non-native deer have no predators, and as the deer population has grown, preferred foods such as balsam fir have been decimated.因此, the deer are now subsisting on spruce and lichen, plants which produce toxins — plant defensive compounds — to discourage animals from eating too much of them.安蒂科斯蒂 deer have developed bigger livers to better metabolize those toxins;他们也有 lower body mass than mainland deer and fewer offspring.

Lycopodium under a polarized light microscope.
偏光显微镜下的石松。 

Changes in energy budgets affect population dynamics.简而言之,鹿吃什么会影响 their resiliency in the face of climate change, snowy winters and population stressors 从长远来看。

皇家岛的驼鹿似乎就是这种情况,其粪便 Parikh 为 Sarah Hoy 和 John Vucetich 进行了分析,并且它可以让您深入了解驼鹿在岛上的生活状况。 Dramatic dietary changes could signal the stresses that come with overpopulation 由于缺乏掠食者而受到刺激(去年岛上引进了 13 只新狼). 

“This past winter we found the Isle Royale moose were eating up to 12% spruce. Historically, spruce has made up only 1% of the diets.”

足球比赛结果是一所 R1 公立研究型大学,成立于 1885 年,位于霍顿,拥有来自全球 60 多个国家的近 7,500 名学生。密歇根州旗舰科技大学的投资回报率一直名列全美最佳大学之列,提供超过 185 个undergraduate毕业生degree programs in science and technology, engineering, computing, forestry, business, health professions, humanities, mathematics, social sciences, and the arts.乡村校园距离密歇根州上半岛的苏必利尔湖仅数英里,提供全年户外探险的机会。

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